A Comparison Of Freud And Fromm Essays - Freudian Psychology

A Comparison Of Freud And Fromm Essays - Freudian Psychology A Comparison Of Freud And Fromm Sigmund Freud was born in Monrovia on May 6,1856. He entered the University of Vienna in 1873 at the age of 17. He finished his degree in 1881. Freud died in England in 1939. He was an active therapist, theorist and writer to the very end. ( Ewen 19-20) Erich Fromm was born four years after Freud in 1900 in Frankfurt, Germany. Unlike Freud, Fromm had no medical training in his background. He received his PHD from the University of Heidelberg and later studied at Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute. Erich Fromm died March 16, 1980 in Switzerland. (Ewen 187) While Freud and Fromm were contemporaries and shared some basic beliefs, their approach to most issues varied greatly. Freuds attitude was purely scientific. Fromm desired to humanize things. Fromm accepted the importance of unconscious, biological drives, repression and defense mechanisms, but rejected Freuds theory of id, ego and superego. Fromm did not believe in specific developmental stages. He believed that the growing child slowly learns to distinguish between I and not I, through contact with the environment, notably those involving the parents.(Ewen 194) Fromm contends that personality development continues into adulthood. He believes that if a child keeps up with the increasing feelings of isolation, that anxiety can be kept to a minimal and personality development proceeds normally. Freuds well-known theory is that the personality is determined during the first five years of life. He believes we proceed through a series of psychosexual stages: oral, anal, urethral, phallic, a latency period and genital. Freud contends that the genital stage is the goal of normal development and that it represents true maturity. ( Hansen 25-26) Fromm warns against pathogenic behavior because it can damage the childs sense of reliance. He believed healthy personality is illustrated by biophilia, love, creativity and reason. ( Ewen 195-196) These characteristics compromise the productive frame of orientation. The nonproductive frames include narcissism, necrophilia, dependence, compulsive strivings for power or wealth and the mechanisms of escape. Fromm had four other nonproductive orientations that he devoted a great deal of attention to. These were receptive, exploitative, hoarding and marketing. Three of these orientations can be loosely compared to Freuds oral-dependent, oral-sadistic and anal character without the sexual implications. Freud and Fromm both believed that dreams are the royal road to the unconscious. ( Ewen 198) Fromm agreed with Freud that dreams could serve the purpose of wish fulfillment, that the days events set them off, and that a person may conceal truths in different ways. While both men believed in dream symbols, Freud believed most dreams involved childhood sexual impulses and Fromm regarded many symbols as asexual. Fromm believed that dreams could have obvious and undisguised meanings that did not have to involve childhood conflicts. To understand Fromms approach to clinical diagnosis, his theory of character must first be understood. His theory of character development was that humans are distinguished from other animals by a larger neocortex with fewer instincts. Character shapes human instinct. Human survival is not merely a matter of physical survival, humans are social animals who must relate to others, and they are spiritual animals who must infuse their lives with meaning in order to function. Humans require a sense of hope to keep from turning off. They also require caring adults in the early years to be teachers that teach them to control their fears and passions and live in harmony with others. Religion both sacred and secular can give meaning to life and give a sense of identity and rootness. Fromm accepted Freuds definition of mental health saying that it is the capacity for love and productive work. Fromm also agreed with Freud in saying that psychopathology represents a difference in degree, rather than in kind. Fromm states that besides pathogenic behaviors that neurosis is often caused by the culture in which one lives. He says that neurosis consists of a conflict between two opposing forces. Which is when our healthy innate drives toward self-realization and independence are blocked by parental or societal influences. Freud states that neurosis invariably begins in infancy and childhood, however it may not become evident until much later in life. Some causes of neurosis is a lack of physical affection, overindulgence or

Nanta essays

Nanta essays I had heard that the Korean play Nanta was a very popular play, Nanta literally means crazy cooking chef. I was fortunate enough to get a seat directly in front of the stage. I was astonished at the crowed that had shown up to see the show. The play opened with the stage being illuminated by three candles, the candles were held three figures, a woman, a muscular man, and a tall slender man. The figures placed the candles on oriental tables which had already been placed on stage. Along side the candles there were small aluminum rice bowls and chopsticks. The figures began tapping the bowls slowly and steadily the tempo picked up, creating a eerie sound. The figures blew out the candles. The tempo slowed down from all the figures tapping to just a single person The stage lights were turned on and we were thrown into a restaurant scene, where the restaurant manager had given his three best chefs the task of preparing a feast for a wedding ceremony and also help is nephew become a Nanta chef. Each chef had is or her own cutting utensil. The first, I called young boy, was the managers nephew, was a younger, smaller chef. He used razor sharp carving knives. The second, I called strong boy, was young and had a muscular build. His specialty was two hatchets. The third, I called young girl she was short and slender and used two slim narrow knives. The last I called old boy, was the oldest and tallest of the three. He also had caring knives. Thump, thump, thump, chunks of cucumber, carrot, onion, and cabbage were flung through the air. As each chef began cutting, chopping and slicing the vegetables on their mini gas stoves. The stoves not higher then the chefs waist, were equipped with wooden chopping boards, cymbals and a burring eye for cooking. The chefs began moving the stoves around the stage as if they were synchronized swimm ...

FDI in the UAE Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

FDI in the UAE - Term Paper Example The government reviewed and strengthened the legal framework through the Ministry of the Economy to facilitate foreign direct investment in the economy. The government also signed free trade agreements with partners in the global economy in a move to make the economy more competitive in the global market place. Multinational companies’ preference to invest in the United Arab Emirates can be attributed to its position as a global trade hub, with outstanding performance compared to the rest of the world. The economy is one of the world’s preferred re-export destinations because of its desirable characteristics in hiring foreign labour, timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, effective cost of imports and exports, quality of air transport, port, and road infrastructure. The government facilitates foreign direct investment due to the benefits linked to it. FDI is proved to stimulate and maintain economic growth, promote technology transfer and encourage more effici ent management skills (Inter-American Development Bank, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, pg 12) The pie chart below shows that United Arab Emirates is the third largest foreign direct investment economy after the United Kingdom and the United States. Table 1.0 Source: Salman A. and Hui Xiao Feng (http://download-reports.blogspot.com/2011/02/gdp-growth-with-economic-stability-fdi_02.html) Forms of Foreign Direct Investment in U.A.E Foreign direct investment can basically be classified into two forms, that is, Greenfield investments and mergers investment. Greenfield investment refers to a situation where a wholly new operation is introduced in a foreign country while mergers investment involves a case where an investment seeks to merge its operation with those of an already existing investment in the foreign country. The mergers can be acquisitions, strategic alliances, or joint ventures. Foreign direct investment can further be classified into market-expansion investments and resource-seeking investments. In market-expansion investments, investment abroad is done in the in the same industry as the parent company, while in resource-seeking investment, investment abroad is done to search for large profitable markets and source inputs for a firm's domestic production process (Gregoriou & Renneboog, pg 31). Green field investment is a form of foreign direct investment where a parent business  starts a new operation in a foreign country. The parent companies undertake to construct new facilities and hire new permanent employees in a foreign country. Foreign countries often  offer incentives such as tax-breaks and subsidies to encourage Greenfield investments that benefit the developing countries through creation of jobs and technological advancement countries. However, Greenfield investment has a major setback to host countries in that, profits from operation are not reinvested or put back into the domestic economy. The profits gained fro m operations of Greenfield investors are taken back to multinational's home economy unlike local companies whose profits are re-invested into the domestic economy. Therefore, host countries do not benefit much economically but gain long term benefits from job creation, technology and managerial skills transfer (Aswathappa, pg 29). Creation of employment, technology, and managerial skills transfer is viewed to be of more advantageous to the country than loses in offering tax breaks and subsidi